Levodopa (L-dopa)-induced motor complications, including motor fluctuations and dyskinesia, affect almost all patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) at some point during the disease course, with relevant implications in global health status. Various dopaminergic and nondopaminergic pharmacological approaches as well as more invasive strategies including devices and functional surgery are available to manage such complications…
Review
Adenosine 2A Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease
Treatment of motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains an unmet challenge. Adenosine 2A (A2A) receptors are located along the indirect pathway and represent a potential target to enhance L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) antiparkinsonian action.
Clinical spectrum of levodopa-induced complications
The first years of Parkinson disease (PD) treatment are marked by good and sustained responses to dopaminergic therapy. With disease progression and longer exposure to levodopa (L-dopa), patients develop a range of L-dopa–induced complications that include motor and non-motor symptoms…
Novel formulations and modes of delivery of levodopa
Ever since its early clinical use in the 1960s, levodopa has remained the gold standard of symptomatic efficacy in the drug treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Motor response fluctuations and drug-induced dyskinesias seriously compromise the unparalleled symptomatic efficacy of L-dopa during long-term treatment…
